Dogs And Dominance
Sally Gutteridge
Dominance is defined as power and influence over others, in ecology it’s defined as a plant or animal species predominant in an area. But what does the term dominance mean when used in the same sentence as the word dog? And why should we know about it?
Having been hijacked and used with inaccuracy by an unfortunately fragmented area of the dog training world, when we have learned better, we hear the term and shudder. This is because dominance has been sold via many media outlets and their followers as the only language that dogs understand. The term is associated with all-sorts of odd ideas, ranging between dogs thinking we are wolves and if we don’t dominate them they will dominate us. None of this is accurate, and yet all of it is repeated from person to person like it’s a golden truth owned only by those in the know. When in reality, someone loosely puts a behaviour or even worse a personality down to dominance, we can be pretty secure in the idea that they are following the hype – as opposed to the facts.
The saddest thing about this is the misrepresentation of dog – who really is man’s best friend. Dogs are co-operators, lovers, companions and individuals. Our dogs are no more dominant than we are. Like us they might well go into a situation that they feel very strongly about and thus be more assertive than usual. Like us they might want something so badly that they are prepared to adapt their behaviour to make it theirs. With all of us though, dominance really goes no further than a conversation. Something simple like “I want this” – “well I want it more than you do so am prepared to fight for it” – “OK I don’t want it that much, you can have the bloody thing”. Therein lies an example of dominance, whether associated with a dog, a bird or a human.
If the above scenario is regularly repeated, it becomes a habitual behaviour – then we can call it resource guarding. For example if my husband eyes my food on my plate – and I threaten him with a stern look, in that instance I’m the dominant presence over my food. If I start worrying he’s after my food to the point of anxiety, I’m not being dominant, I’m being anxious. I’m resource guarding through anxiety. When my husband has realised how much my food on my plate means to me, he respects that, accepts the message and lets me eat in peace (as everyone should have the right to do) and never approaches my plate again. That’s called respectful, effective, successful communication.
Labelling a dog as dominant or a personality as dominant takes us onto dangerous ground. We end up with odd (and I would go so far as to say) cruel teachings such as physically confrontational training, threats and the idea that all behaviour is because the dog is considered to be pushing his luck in the imaginary pack. This viewpoint negates both the truth and individuality. Dogs that are scared, stressed, worried, habitual and simply trying their very best to be understood are so much more misunderstood when we incorporate a misuse of the term.
Yet not using the term in the correct way leaves the people who do believe the hype, at sea without a paddle. Imagine this, a well-meaning dog trainer goes along and tells a dog guardian that dominance doesn’t exist at all. That it’s a myth. The guardian then sees the term dominance used in the correct way, and is in the vulnerable position of trying to decipher the term - yet is given information that it does exist at the same time as all the hype that doesn’t.
It’s tempting to disregard the term dominance altogether – because of its hijack. Yet saying dominance doesn’t exist is just as untrue. If we use it with accuracy, we would rarely consider the term dominance part of our lives (with dogs or people) Yet we need to be honest about it, because not being honest takes us into the realms of untruth too.
Dominance isn’t a dirty word – it’s just been used in a dirty way. .
Having been hijacked and used with inaccuracy by an unfortunately fragmented area of the dog training world, when we have learned better, we hear the term and shudder. This is because dominance has been sold via many media outlets and their followers as the only language that dogs understand. The term is associated with all-sorts of odd ideas, ranging between dogs thinking we are wolves and if we don’t dominate them they will dominate us. None of this is accurate, and yet all of it is repeated from person to person like it’s a golden truth owned only by those in the know. When in reality, someone loosely puts a behaviour or even worse a personality down to dominance, we can be pretty secure in the idea that they are following the hype – as opposed to the facts.
The saddest thing about this is the misrepresentation of dog – who really is man’s best friend. Dogs are co-operators, lovers, companions and individuals. Our dogs are no more dominant than we are. Like us they might well go into a situation that they feel very strongly about and thus be more assertive than usual. Like us they might want something so badly that they are prepared to adapt their behaviour to make it theirs. With all of us though, dominance really goes no further than a conversation. Something simple like “I want this” – “well I want it more than you do so am prepared to fight for it” – “OK I don’t want it that much, you can have the bloody thing”. Therein lies an example of dominance, whether associated with a dog, a bird or a human.
If the above scenario is regularly repeated, it becomes a habitual behaviour – then we can call it resource guarding. For example if my husband eyes my food on my plate – and I threaten him with a stern look, in that instance I’m the dominant presence over my food. If I start worrying he’s after my food to the point of anxiety, I’m not being dominant, I’m being anxious. I’m resource guarding through anxiety. When my husband has realised how much my food on my plate means to me, he respects that, accepts the message and lets me eat in peace (as everyone should have the right to do) and never approaches my plate again. That’s called respectful, effective, successful communication.
Labelling a dog as dominant or a personality as dominant takes us onto dangerous ground. We end up with odd (and I would go so far as to say) cruel teachings such as physically confrontational training, threats and the idea that all behaviour is because the dog is considered to be pushing his luck in the imaginary pack. This viewpoint negates both the truth and individuality. Dogs that are scared, stressed, worried, habitual and simply trying their very best to be understood are so much more misunderstood when we incorporate a misuse of the term.
Yet not using the term in the correct way leaves the people who do believe the hype, at sea without a paddle. Imagine this, a well-meaning dog trainer goes along and tells a dog guardian that dominance doesn’t exist at all. That it’s a myth. The guardian then sees the term dominance used in the correct way, and is in the vulnerable position of trying to decipher the term - yet is given information that it does exist at the same time as all the hype that doesn’t.
It’s tempting to disregard the term dominance altogether – because of its hijack. Yet saying dominance doesn’t exist is just as untrue. If we use it with accuracy, we would rarely consider the term dominance part of our lives (with dogs or people) Yet we need to be honest about it, because not being honest takes us into the realms of untruth too.
Dominance isn’t a dirty word – it’s just been used in a dirty way. .
Latest From Our Blog
Follow Us
Exclusive News & Offers
Sign up today and be the first to know about new courses, exclusive discounts and freebies
Thank You For
Signing Up.
Did You Remember To Enrol On Your
Free Course?
Canine Principles
#Dog Skills For Humans
-
Canine Principles is a trading name of
CANINE PRINCIPLES LTDRegistered Company Number 11458645VAT Registration Number: GB300008875CPD Provider Registered Number: 60082The CPD Standards Office
Copyright © 2024 Canine Principles Ltd
Sit! Stay! Wait!
Remember To Enrol On
Your FREE Course
Loose Lead Walking
Thank you!
Thank you!
Help Centre
Accreditation
Canine Principles courses are externally accredited and have been reviewed by the accrediting body for quality and content.
Qualifications Canine Principles is an AIM Qualifications and Assessment Group recognised centre and has been approved to deliver AIM Qualifications. AIM Are an awarding body recognised by Ofqual.
Registered Provider Number: 161711
Each qualification carries an 8 digit qualification number that can be referenced against the existing qualification framework.
CPD courses are accredited by the CPD Standards Office.
Each qualification carries an 8 digit qualification number that can be referenced against the existing qualification framework.
CPD courses are accredited by the CPD Standards Office.
Age Requirements
All students must be aged 18 years+
Assessments
Courses are assessed at the end of each module.
Qualifications Each module of a regulated qualification course, typically includes 2-4 written exercises and represent the module as a whole. Word counts and referencing guidelines are made clear for each assessment. Tutors will score assessments based on the agreed learning objectives. Students must keep an evidence file of all assessments for external auditing purposes.
CPD Courses The format may vary, dependent on the course. Typically, each module of a certificate course includes 5 - 10 revision questions and a single exercise.
Self Study Courses These courses are assessed via multiple choice quizzes.
Course Access
Enrol on your chosen course directly from the course overview page.
Enrolled courses can be accessed anytime via the student dashboard. Once you are logged in to you account, select your course and you will be taken directly to the learning materials.
Online elements require an internet connection and suitable device.
Enrolled courses can be accessed anytime via the student dashboard. Once you are logged in to you account, select your course and you will be taken directly to the learning materials.
Online elements require an internet connection and suitable device.
Course books can be studied online or downloaded for offline reading.
My Account
Solutions to common account issues:
Course(s) not showing on dashboard
Skill-Hub courses are only available while there is an active subscription. Check your account to show the most recent payments and membership expiry.
Occasionally, students have more than one account as they have signed up for a free course or newsletter with a different email. Contact us using the form to solve this issue.
Email not recognised
Check all spelling is correct. Check the email account for previous correspondence from Canine Principles. If everything seems normal, contact us using the form to solve this issue.
Password Reset
You can manage your password here.
Manage subscription
You can manage your subscription settings directly from your student account page.
Course(s) not showing on dashboard
Skill-Hub courses are only available while there is an active subscription. Check your account to show the most recent payments and membership expiry.
Occasionally, students have more than one account as they have signed up for a free course or newsletter with a different email. Contact us using the form to solve this issue.
Email not recognised
Check all spelling is correct. Check the email account for previous correspondence from Canine Principles. If everything seems normal, contact us using the form to solve this issue.
Password Reset
You can manage your password here.
Manage subscription
You can manage your subscription settings directly from your student account page.
Previous Study
We welcome students of any age*, education or previous experience. Occasionally, our courses will require some prior learning. This will always be made clear in the course description.
(*All students must be aged 18 years+)
Skill-Hub Subscription
Canine Principles Skill-Hub is a monthly/annual subscription learning service. Membership allows unlimited* access to all self-study courses, workshops and webinars. Some courses and workshops are exclusive to the Skill-Hub, including the Skill-Hub members area, including presentations, interviews and webinars from a variety of Canine Professionals.
The 3 day free trial requires credit/debit card details to begin. Your card will be billed automatically when the trial expires and every month subsequently.
You can manage your subscription here.
The 3 day free trial requires credit/debit card details to begin. Your card will be billed automatically when the trial expires and every month subsequently.
You can manage your subscription here.
Student Location
We currently have students and graduates from over 30 countries worldwide. Online learning allows us to support all students, no matter where in the world you may be.
All courses are online study. You will not need to travel for assessments.
All Courses are written in the English language.
AIM qualifications only apply to students from the UK.
Time Limits
Canine Principles offers both self-paced and time sensitive courses.
Self-paced - All CPD Diploma Courses, CPD Certificate Courses, Workshops, Webinars and Self Study Courses are completely self-paced learning with no deadlines for assessments or completion.
Qualifications - All regulated qualifications inherit a 2 year registration period. The cost of registration is included with initial enrolment. When the 2 year registration period expires, students may re-register for an registration fee. Fees vary by course. Please contact us for details.
Self-paced - All CPD Diploma Courses, CPD Certificate Courses, Workshops, Webinars and Self Study Courses are completely self-paced learning with no deadlines for assessments or completion.
Qualifications - All regulated qualifications inherit a 2 year registration period. The cost of registration is included with initial enrolment. When the 2 year registration period expires, students may re-register for an registration fee. Fees vary by course. Please contact us for details.
Training Methods
Canine Principles pledges to teach only kind, force-free, positive methods that promote mental and physical well-being for dogs, in line with current scientific research. Our courses occasionally discuss the use of other training methods, with the intention of providing education in why these approaches are ineffective and harmful to learning.
Tutor Support
You will receive positive, personal feedback from Tutors who are always available to answers any questions and guide you through your learning experience. Tutors will respond to assessments within 72 hours (98 hours during weekends)
Students are also encouraged to support each other through built in student community and private Facebook Study Group. where discussions and new information are shared daily.
Students are also encouraged to support each other through built in student community and private Facebook Study Group. where discussions and new information are shared daily.
Ask Us A Question
Thank you!
Student Guidelines
Welcome
Welcome to Canine Principles
Thank you for enrolling on your learning experience. Your enrolment includes entry to the Canine Principles Facebook Study Group which is a highly positive group, filled with a vast range of experience. It would be great to have you join us.
Canine Principles welcomes students of all ability, experience and previous education. Whether you are a seasoned professional who wishes to further their personal development or an enthusiastic beginner with a passion for dogs, your self-paced study will be supported and guided with the same care and attention.
We appreciate it can be difficult and even daunting taking on a new study route. Education should be an enjoyable experience where the student is encouraged to thrive in their chosen field. We are far less concerned about grammar, spelling and formatting than we are about understanding the course material and demonstrating your knowledge of dogs.
Please don’t worry if you haven't studied for a while, you’re here now and that’s great. We aim for you to find this learning experience empowering and enlightening. With this in mind, we have prepared a short guide to help you achieve the most from your study.
Each individual has their own strengths, weaknesses and acquired skills that will help or hinder in their study. This guide is intended as an example of best practice that can easily be included in your current study routine.
Each individual has their own strengths, weaknesses and acquired skills that will help or hinder in their study. This guide is intended as an example of best practice that can easily be included in your current study routine.
Best Wishes,
Sally Gutteridge
Canine Principles Director of Studies
Study Tips
Get Some Exercise
In 2014, A University of Illinois Study, led by Dr. Chuck Hillman, found that as little as 20 minutes of exercise can lead to better cognition and memory, and higher scores on tests and examinations. This is great news for dog owners and something that you can definitely take advantage of as a daily walker.
Limit Distractions
Distractions can easily break our train of thought or pull us away from study all together. Find a suitable place to study that is conducive to learning. Set some time aside, ask for some privacy and turn off your phone.
Stay Hydrated
Dehydration contributes towards fatigue and poor memory. A 2012 study, conducted by the universities of East London and Westminster, found that results improved by an average of 10% when students kept hydrated throughout exams.
Read Out Loud
In 2015, Professor Victor Boucher of the University of Montreal completed research that suggested you are 50% more likely to remember information that has been read aloud than reading to yourself. You can either find a quiet place to read aloud to yourself or read directly to a friend or family member.
Teach as You Go
A step beyond reading aloud is to describe the lesson to somebody else. Try and make the subject understood and invite questions. If you don’t have the answer to the question, you have a new area of understanding to explore and study which will help to further your knowledge in a given subject.
Make Notes and Diagrams
Keep a pen and paper close to hand and be ready to note down specific areas of interest. Even if you are not artistic, a quick diagram that only you understand is a great aid to the memory and allows you to process the information in a different way.
Research
Even when you feel that you have fully understood a subject from the course material, take some time to research further by looking online, reading books or talking to others who are involved in the subject. The study group is a great place to meet like minded people who are also learning new topics.
Review
Going back over previous course topics and modules, with the benefit of newly acquired knowledge, can help us to understand the connection between subjects. If we only focus on one subject in isolation, the connection may never be made.
Create Flash Cards
Flashcards are a great way to test your knowledge. Write a subject on one side of the card and then explain the subject on the opposite side. You can either draw the cards randomly and test your own knowledge or ask a friend to help.
In 2014, A University of Illinois Study, led by Dr. Chuck Hillman, found that as little as 20 minutes of exercise can lead to better cognition and memory, and higher scores on tests and examinations. This is great news for dog owners and something that you can definitely take advantage of as a daily walker.
Limit Distractions
Distractions can easily break our train of thought or pull us away from study all together. Find a suitable place to study that is conducive to learning. Set some time aside, ask for some privacy and turn off your phone.
Stay Hydrated
Dehydration contributes towards fatigue and poor memory. A 2012 study, conducted by the universities of East London and Westminster, found that results improved by an average of 10% when students kept hydrated throughout exams.
Read Out Loud
In 2015, Professor Victor Boucher of the University of Montreal completed research that suggested you are 50% more likely to remember information that has been read aloud than reading to yourself. You can either find a quiet place to read aloud to yourself or read directly to a friend or family member.
Teach as You Go
A step beyond reading aloud is to describe the lesson to somebody else. Try and make the subject understood and invite questions. If you don’t have the answer to the question, you have a new area of understanding to explore and study which will help to further your knowledge in a given subject.
Make Notes and Diagrams
Keep a pen and paper close to hand and be ready to note down specific areas of interest. Even if you are not artistic, a quick diagram that only you understand is a great aid to the memory and allows you to process the information in a different way.
Research
Even when you feel that you have fully understood a subject from the course material, take some time to research further by looking online, reading books or talking to others who are involved in the subject. The study group is a great place to meet like minded people who are also learning new topics.
Review
Going back over previous course topics and modules, with the benefit of newly acquired knowledge, can help us to understand the connection between subjects. If we only focus on one subject in isolation, the connection may never be made.
Create Flash Cards
Flashcards are a great way to test your knowledge. Write a subject on one side of the card and then explain the subject on the opposite side. You can either draw the cards randomly and test your own knowledge or ask a friend to help.
Grading
Each course will have a unique grading system, dependant on the number of questions and exercises available.
Assessments will begin by advising the maximum possible score for each section and how this score can be achieved. Every module has an overall pass mark of 80%. Whilst the pass score is 80%, any assessment that scores below this will be returned with constructive feedback. Feedback is intended to describe where further marks can be achieved. You can re-submit a revised assessment to improve your score.
Assessments that score between 80% and 100% will also be returned with feedback, however, there will be no further grading as the threshold for passing the module has been met.
Each assessment will be marked and returned within 3 - 5 days of receipt by your tutor. If you have submitted an assessment and have not received any correspondence within 4 days, contact us here, via email or the study group to confirm the assessment has been received.
Assessments will begin by advising the maximum possible score for each section and how this score can be achieved. Every module has an overall pass mark of 80%. Whilst the pass score is 80%, any assessment that scores below this will be returned with constructive feedback. Feedback is intended to describe where further marks can be achieved. You can re-submit a revised assessment to improve your score.
Assessments that score between 80% and 100% will also be returned with feedback, however, there will be no further grading as the threshold for passing the module has been met.
Each assessment will be marked and returned within 3 - 5 days of receipt by your tutor. If you have submitted an assessment and have not received any correspondence within 4 days, contact us here, via email or the study group to confirm the assessment has been received.
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is defined as:
“the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own”
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/plagiarism accessed online February 2018
Canine Principles has a duty of care to identify and deter plagiarism in order to comply with accreditation standards.
Before marking, all work is checked against Copyscape, an online plagiarism detection service. To avoid plagiarism, all work should contain original writing with the exception of small quotes and properly referenced research.
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/plagiarism accessed online February 2018
Canine Principles has a duty of care to identify and deter plagiarism in order to comply with accreditation standards.
Before marking, all work is checked against Copyscape, an online plagiarism detection service. To avoid plagiarism, all work should contain original writing with the exception of small quotes and properly referenced research.
External Research & Referencing
External research is a great way to improve your knowledge on any subject. Often, a course subject will be focused on the specific area that is relevant to the type of course. A course that covers the topic of scentwork may describe the scenting ability of a dog in great detail, whereas a course that covers dog training in general may only include a foundation knowledge of the same subject. For this reason, external research can provide an invaluable way of expanding on specific course subjects.
When you choose to include external research as part of your assessment, it is important that the work is clearly referenced. If you have previously studied at a higher level, you will be aware that there are many ways to reference your research. For the purpose of Canine Principles assessments, we are happy for you to include your references at the end of each answer.
References from online research can be included as a link to the source of the information:
When you choose to include external research as part of your assessment, it is important that the work is clearly referenced. If you have previously studied at a higher level, you will be aware that there are many ways to reference your research. For the purpose of Canine Principles assessments, we are happy for you to include your references at the end of each answer.
References from online research can be included as a link to the source of the information:
Example:
...During a stressful experience, the canine immune system will begin to shut off nonessential functions in order to maximise the chances of survival. “The body sees no point in digesting food when danger is upon it. Neither does it place emphasis on fighting disease, for it is putting all that effort into fighting the threat on life itself, so the immune system shuts down.”...
(https://canineprinciples.com/fear-dog-physical-illness/ accessed online Feb 2018)
References from printed publications can be included in the following format:
Example:
A common mistake made by dog owners is to misinterpret canine communication in a way that suits our own style of communication and body language. “Anthropomorphism, the attribution of Human characteristics to non-human creatures – to phenomena such as weather, and even inanimate objects like rivers and mountains – is an intrinsic part of human nature.”
(John Bradshaw, In Defence of Dogs P.148)
In both examples, the external research is highlighted as a quotation and clearly referenced.
Example Questions
The following section includes 3 different answers to the same question. All of these answers are correct, however they will each vary in the level of demonstrated understanding.
Question: Describe how you would apply an emergency improvised muzzle to a dog, for the purpose of performing first aid safely.
i.
Create a large loop in a bandage and slowly slip it over the dog’s muzzle. Tighten the loop so the dog’s mouth remains closed and he can’t open it. Pass the ends under the chin, knot again and then tie behind the ears to secure it.
This answer describes the correct process of applying an emergency muzzle. The method is correct; however, no consideration has been given to safety. To improve on this, and answer the full question, we can include more detail...
ii.
Slowly approach the dog, talking gently. Create a large loop in the gauze bandage and slowly slip it over the dog’s muzzle. At this point, it is best to stand behind the dog. Tighten the loop so the dog’s mouth remains closed and he can’t open it, not so tight as to cause pain. Pass the ends under the chin, knot again and then tie behind the ears to secure it.
This answer has improved and includes personal safety advice. We now have a correct answer that covers the whole question. To demonstrate our understanding of the subject, we can go one step further and cover the whole subject in greater detail.
iii. Any injured dog, no matter how gentle they are normally, can bite when painful or panicked. Unfortunately, an injured animal is highly likely to bite, even if you are trying to help them. You may also be in a situation where you need to help a strange dog during an emergency. It is a useful and important skill to be able to muzzle a dog in an emergency situation. Some people will carry a muzzle in their car for emergency situations. However, you can also use a shoelace or gauze bandage. Slowly approach the dog side on, talking gently to reassure them. Be mindful of the dog’s body language and communication efforts while he is experiencing pain. Create a large loop in the gauze bandage and slowly slip it over the dog’s muzzle. At this point it is best to stand behind the dog to prevent direct eye contact. Tighten the loop so the dog’s mouth remains closed and he can’t open it, not so tight as to cause pain. Pass the ends under the chin, knot again and then tie behind the ears to secure it. NEVER apply a muzzle if the dog is struggling to breathe or vomiting.
This final version is an excellent demonstration of the whole subject. We have added information about the subject of emergency muzzles and included advice for keeping the dog free from additional pain or suffering.
Support
You will receive positive, personal feedback from tutors who are always available to answer any questions and guide you through your learning experience. If you ever have any questions about course material or assessments, you can contact us here via email
or through the
study group.
Students are also encouraged to support each other, through access to a private study group where discussions and new information are shared daily.
Students are also encouraged to support each other, through access to a private study group where discussions and new information are shared daily.
Study Group
Students are also encouraged to support each other, through access to a private study group where discussions and new information are shared daily.
Time Limits
Canine Principles offers both self-paced and time sensitive courses.
Self-paced - All CPD Diploma Courses, CPD Certificate Courses, Workshops, Webinars and Self Study Courses are completely self-paced learning with no deadlines for assessments or completion.
Qualifications - All regulated qualifications inherit a 2 year registration period. The cost of registration is included with initial enrolment. When the 2 year registration period expires, students may re-register for an additional registration fee. Fees vary by course, please contact us for details.
Self-paced - All CPD Diploma Courses, CPD Certificate Courses, Workshops, Webinars and Self Study Courses are completely self-paced learning with no deadlines for assessments or completion.
Qualifications - All regulated qualifications inherit a 2 year registration period. The cost of registration is included with initial enrolment. When the 2 year registration period expires, students may re-register for an additional registration fee. Fees vary by course, please contact us for details.
Certificates
CPD Courses
Upon successful completion of your course, you will receive 2 certificates. The first certificate is supplied by Canine Principles and the second is supplied by the CPD Standards Office. All Certificates are available to download on successful completion and marking of the final exercise.
Upon successful completion of your course, you will receive 2 certificates. The first certificate is supplied by Canine Principles and the second is supplied by the CPD Standards Office. All Certificates are available to download on successful completion and marking of the final exercise.
Qualifications
Upon successful completion of your course, you will receive 2 certificates. The first certificate is supplied by Canine Principles and the second is supplied by AIM Qualifications, an independent awarding body. Both certificates will be available as a digital downloads only.
Upon successful completion of your course, you will receive 2 certificates. The first certificate is supplied by Canine Principles and the second is supplied by AIM Qualifications, an independent awarding body. Both certificates will be available as a digital downloads only.
All Other Courses & Workshops
These courses come with a single Canine Principles digital certificate of completion.
These courses come with a single Canine Principles digital certificate of completion.
You will receive positive, personal feedback from Tutors who are always available to answers any questions and guide you through your learning experience. Tutors will respond to assessments within 48 hours (72 hours during weekends)
Students are also encouraged to support each other through built in student community and private Facebook Study Group. where discussions and new information are shared daily.
Students are also encouraged to support each other through built in student community and private Facebook Study Group. where discussions and new information are shared daily.
Ask Us A Question
Thank you!